Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, October 2026
Pharmacokinetics
Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Simulations of Pentobarbital in the Pediatric Population
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology • May 2026
Helfer VE, Medina-Aymerich L, Muller WJ, Meyer M, Al-Uzri A, McCulloh R, Hornik CD, Balevic SJ, Greenberg RG, Benjamin DK Jr, Anderson SG, Gonzalez D; Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act—Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee.
Pentobarbital is a barbiturate with sedative and anticonvulsant properties, occasionally used in pediatric patients for preoperative sedation, deep sedation during mechanical ventilation, and seizure control. Despite its long-standing clinical use, age-appropriate dosing remains challenging due to variability across studies and limited pediatric pharmacokinetic (PK) data. This study (NCT01431326) aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital in pediatric patients (birth to 21 years) and evaluate dosing strategies using model-based simulations.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Exposure-Safety Analysis of Furosemide in Preterm Infants
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology • April 2026
Randell RL, Maharaj A, Laughon M, Hornik CD, Greenberg RG, Lang JE, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Hornik CP, Anand R, Martz K, Payne EH, Watt K, Muller WJ, Courtney SE, Atz A, Al-Uzri A, Sokol GM, Bloom BT, Iyengar A, Hanna M, Benjamin DK Jr, Balevic SJ; Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act – Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee.
Furosemide is the most commonly used diuretic in preterm infants despite an incompletely understood relationship between dosing, exposure, and safety within this population. The goals of this study were to characterize furosemide population pharmacokinetics (popPK) in preterm infants and to evaluate safety by relating simulated furosemide exposure to events of ototoxicity, nephrocalcinosis, and nephrolithiasis. A total of 146 plasma furosemide concentrations from 51 preterm (23-28.9 weeks’ gestational age) infants across two studies (one randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating safety trial and one opportunistic, observational study) were included in the analysis. Standard nonlinear mixed effects popPK modeling techniques were applied.
Population Pharmacokinetics to Support Intravenous and Enteral Methadone Dosing in Children
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology • January 2026
Watt KM, Thompson EJ, Lam L, Zimmerman K, Hornik CP, Atz AM, Fernandez A, Hupp SR, Bhatt-Mehta V, Benjamin DK Jr, Anand R, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Gonzalez D, Smith PB, Capparelli EV; Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act — Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee.
Methadone is used in hospitalized children to treat pain and iatrogenic opiate withdrawal. Optimal pediatric dosing for both enteral and intravenous methadone is unknown. We conducted two prospective, multi-center, open-label studies to characterize the pharmacokinetics of methadone in the pediatric population.
Metronidazole exposure-response and safety in infants
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy • November 2025
Randell RL, Balevic SJ, Greenberg RG, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Smith MJ, Benjamin DK Jr, Bendel C, Bliss JM, Chaaban H, Chhabra R, Dammann CEL, Downey LC, Hornik CD, Hussain N, Laughon MM, Lavery A, Moya F, Saxonhouse M, Sokol GM, Trembath A, Weitkamp J-H, Hornik CP; Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act—Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee.
The nitroimidazole antibiotic, metronidazole, is frequently prescribed to infants with serious intra-abdominal infections, and multiple dosing recommendations exist. We sought to evaluate the extent to which metronidazole doses and associated exposures achieved desired efficacy and safety in infants enrolled in the Antibiotic Safety in Infants with Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections (SCAMP) trial (NCT01994993). SCAMP participants received intravenous metronidazole as part of multimodal antimicrobial therapy.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Oxcarbazepine to Characterize Its Disposition in Children with Obesity
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology • September 2025
Maglalang PD, Sinha J, Helfer VE, Edginton A, Zimmerman K, Hornik CD, Muller WJ, Rathore M, Benjamin DK Jr, Chen JY, Anand R, Gonzalez D; Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act – Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee.
Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is a second-generation antiseizure medication, effective through its active metabolite, 10-mono-hydroxy derivative (MHD). OXC is used as adjunctive therapy for focal-onset and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, with recommended dosing based on age and body weight. This study uses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and leverages pharmacokinetic (PK) data acquired from children enrolled in pragmatic trials to understand dosing and subsequent exposure requirements in children with obesity.
Physiologically Based and Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Midazolam in Children With Obesity Using Real-World Data
Clinical and Translational Science • May 2025
McCann S, Helfer VE, Balevic SJ, Muller WJ, van den Anker JN, Al-Uzri A, Meyer ML, Anderson SG, Turdalieva S, Edginton AN, Gonzalez D; Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee.
Midazolam has been used as a sedative for hospitalized children on- and off-label; however, factors affecting interindividual variability (IIV) in observed clearance for this population are not fully understood and can result in extreme under- or overexposure. Obesity has been described as a significant influence on midazolam in adolescents, which could potentially alter drug exposure. The goal of this study was to use two modeling strategies to evaluate dose-exposure of midazolam in children with and without obesity.
Expansion of a Pharmacokinetic Model for Diazepam to Characterize Real-World IV and Oral Data in Children With and Without Obesity
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology • April 2025
McCann SM, Wen J, Balevic SJ, Muller WJ, Al-Uzri A, Hornik CD, Meyer ML, Anderson SG, Payne EH, Turdalieva S, Chamberlain JM, Gonzalez D; Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act Pediatric Trials Network Steering Committee.
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine approved for use in adults and children. The label incorporates recommended dosing for status epilepticus in children. Published population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling recommends an intravenous bolus dose of 0.2 mg/kg capped at 8 mg to reach the suggested target exposure of 200-600 ng/mL at 10 min post dose in children up to 17 years of age. This model was developed for children generally without obesity based on IV data, and it is unclear how increased body weight may affect exposure or target attainment given capped dosing.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem Across the Adult Lifespan
Clinical Pharmacokinetics • February 2025
Boutzoukas AE, Balevic SJ, Hemmersbach-Miller M, Winokur PL, Gu K, Chan AW, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Conrad T, An G, Kirkpatrick CMJ, Swamy GK, Walter EB, Schmader KE, Landersdorfer CB.
This study conducted an opportunistic pharmacokinetic study to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of meropenem, an antimicrobial commonly used to treat Gram-negative infections in adults of different ages, including older adults, and determined optimal dosing regimens. Meropenem dosing should be based on renal function rather than age. For patients without renal impairment, extended infusion may increase the probability of target attainment.
Pharmacoepidemiology of combination pulmonary vasodilator therapy in critically ill infants
Cardiology in the Young • January 2025
Kumar KR, Ciociola EC, Skinner KR, Dixit GM, Alvarez S, Benjamin EK, Faulkner JC, Greenberg RG, Clark RH, Benjamin Jr DK, Hornik CP and Jan Hau Lee
New drugs to target different pathways in pulmonary hypertension have resulted in increased combination therapy, but details of this use in infants are not well described. This large multicenter database study describes the pharmacoepidemiology of combination pulmonary vasodilator therapy in critically ill infants. The study revealed an increased use of combination pulmonary vasodilator therapy, favouring inhaled nitric oxide and sildenafil, yet with considerable practice variation. Further research is needed to determine the optimal combination, sequence, dosing, and disease-specific indications for combination therapy.